Journal: Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

Article Title: Micro‐ and Nano‐Bots for Infection Control

doi: 10.1002/adma.202419155

Figure Lengend Snippet: Classification of MMBs and MNBs based on their propulsion types. MMBs and MNBs are classified based on their propulsion mechanisms into three main groups, namely, physical, chemical, and biological‐based robots. a) Physical‐based robots are further divided into different subgroups, including magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electrical. b) Chemical and based MMBs and MNBs are subcategorized into self‐diffusiophoretic, self‐electrophoretic, and bubble propulsion. c) Biological‐based bots are subdivided into spermobots, algae‐based bots, bacteriobots, and macrophage‐based bots.

Article Snippet: For example, Bionaut, a leading startup focused on designing magnetic MMBs for therapeutics delivery, has raised over US 70 million to take its approach into phase 1 trials.

Techniques: Algae

Journal: Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

Article Title: Micro‐ and Nano‐Bots for Infection Control

doi: 10.1002/adma.202419155

Figure Lengend Snippet: a) Overview of the progress made in the development of MMBs and MNBs for infection management, reported with respect to chronological milestones. References: First theoretical studies developing initial MMBs [ ¹⁴⁴ , ²³³ ] ; MMBs with potential for single‐cell manipulation [ ²³ ] ; First magnetotactic‐based MMB for bacteria detection [ ²¹³ ] ; Acoustically driven MNB for lysozyme delivery [ ¹⁷⁹ ] ; Bubble‐propulsive MMB for antibiotic delivery [ ¹⁶⁶ ] ; Antibiofilm magnetic MMB [ ¹⁸³ ] ; Photoacoustic Imaging‐Trackable MMB [ ²¹ ] ; Algae‐based MMB for lung infection [ ³⁵ ] ; Multimodal magnetic MMB for antibiotic delivery and biofilm eradication [ ¹⁸⁶ ] and magnetic micro‐swarms for capturing bacteria. [ ²³⁴ ] b) Utilizing MMBs and MNBs as novel carriers for traditional antibiotics. MMBs and MNBs can be administrated via various routes, including transdermal, [ ²⁰ ] oral, [ ¹⁶⁶ ] intratracheal, [ ³⁵ ] and injection. [ ¹⁶⁵ , ¹⁶⁷ ] Currently, different research groups have successfully delivered Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, and clarithromycin by applying biological, physical, and chemical‐based MMBs, respectively. [ ¹⁶⁵ , ¹⁶⁶ , ¹⁶⁷ ]

Article Snippet: For example, Bionaut, a leading startup focused on designing magnetic MMBs for therapeutics delivery, has raised over US 70 million to take its approach into phase 1 trials.

Techniques: Infection, Bacteria, Imaging, Algae, Injection

Journal: Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

Article Title: Micro‐ and Nano‐Bots for Infection Control

doi: 10.1002/adma.202419155

Figure Lengend Snippet: Applying MMBs and MNBs as targeted delivery systems for anti‐infective biological agents. a) Self‐diffusiophoretic chemical MMBs as the carrier of anti‐bacterial peptide; [ ¹⁶⁹ ] b) Magnetic MNBs for bacteriophage delivery; [ ¹⁷³ ] c) Antibody‐coated magnetotactic bacteria for targeting bacteria cells; [ ¹⁷⁰ ] d) Acoustically MNBs for delivery of siRNA. [ ¹⁷⁸ ]

Article Snippet: For example, Bionaut, a leading startup focused on designing magnetic MMBs for therapeutics delivery, has raised over US 70 million to take its approach into phase 1 trials.

Techniques: Bacteria

Journal: Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

Article Title: Micro‐ and Nano‐Bots for Infection Control

doi: 10.1002/adma.202419155

Figure Lengend Snippet: a) Four strategies by which the immunomodulation of MMBs and MNBs improves are optimization of the physical features and movement speed of MMBs and MNBs, creating camouflage coating by stealth polymers or cell membranes, and developing immune compatible biohybrid bots such as spermbots or macrophage‐based bots. b) Examples of multi‐drive MMBs and MNBs that can be classified based on the propulsion mechanisms they combined. In this regard, they can be categorized as biological–physical, biological–chemical, and chemical–physical bots. As an example of biological–physical MMBs, magnetotactic bacteria [ ²¹³ ] are depicted, which enjoy their natural flagella movements and can be guided by the magnetic field due to the presence of magnetosomes in their structures. To exemplify chemical–biological MMBs, twin‐engine self‐diffusiophoretic – macrophage‐based MMBs [ ¹³⁹ ] are shown. These bots are prepared from Janus yeast, whose half of its surface is covered with enzymes, and enjoy in situ switching to the macrophage engine in Peyer's patch. Finally, the bubble‐based – magnetic MMBs [ ²¹⁴ , ²³¹ ] are demonstrated as an illustration of chemical–physical bots.

Article Snippet: For example, Bionaut, a leading startup focused on designing magnetic MMBs for therapeutics delivery, has raised over US 70 million to take its approach into phase 1 trials.

Techniques: Bacteria, In Situ